英语语法
- 《英语阅读参考手册》为主,点此下载 电子书。
- 《柯林斯 COBUILD 英语语法大全》为辅。
关联阅读:
- 博客:Liam Huang 的语法笔记:通俗易懂。
- App:百词斩里的三分钟语法栏目。
时态
- 过去时:I had lunch already. 我吃过午饭。
- 现在时:I am having lunch. 我正在吃午饭。
- 未来时:I am going to have lunch. 我(将要)去吃饭了。
- 现在完成时:I have had lunch. 我吃完午饭了。
陈述句的分类
简单句
主谓宾
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语,例如:I love her.
主谓
主语 + 谓语,例如:I gave up.
主系表
主语 + 系动词 + 表语,例如:Tom is shrewd.
表语之所以叫表语,意思是:表示主语状态或性质的语法成分。
主谓 + 双宾语
主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,例如:I gave you a book.
如果你和我一样,经常分不清间接宾语和直接宾语,就记住上面这个例子,I gave you a book,我给了你一本书。当我拿着书递到你手上时,我直接接触的是书,所以叫直接宾语,间接接触你,所以叫间接宾语。
间接宾语和直接宾语的区别一般在疑问句里才有用,比如 Who did you buy the car for? 这句话翻译成汉语是「这辆车是你买给谁的?」,其中 who 充当了间接宾语,需要后面补出介词 for。即你不能这样问 Who did you buy the car?【误】
主谓宾 + 宾补
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语,例如:Tom viewed Jerry as a hero.
宾语补足语 🆚 后置定语
- 宾语补足语:宾语在承受动作(谓语)之后才产生的属性,例如 We consider the answer correct.
- 后置定语:表明的属性和谓语体现的动作无关,例如 Tom love the girl operating the machine.
简单句 = 主干成分 + 非主干成分
- 主干成分即五大基本句型的语法成分:主语、谓语(包括系动词)、宾语(包括直接宾语和间接宾语)、表语、宾语补足语。
- 非主干成分指修饰限定成分,通常指定语和状语。
提取句子主干的步骤
- 找出句子谓语动词
- 动作的发出者:主语
- 动作的接受者:宾语
- 描述主语状态或属性的成分:表语
- 补充说明宾语的成分:宾语补足语
复合句
并列复合句
并列复合句指若干个结构、功能、性质相同的简单句用并列连词或表示并列的标点符号(通常是分号和冒号)连接所形成的句子。例如:
The girl looked at me intently, and she invited me to her wedding.
这句话中 and 这个并列连词连接了两个不同的简单句,分别是:
- The girl looked at me intently.
- She invited me to her wedding.
形成了一个并列复合句。
并列连词
- for
- and
- nor (neither…nor…)
- but
- or (either … or…)
- yet
- so
- not only … but also …
首字母缩写为 fanboys(迷弟)。只有并列的对象是句子时,它才是并列复合句。
主从复合句
主从复合句指若干个简单句用从属连词、关系代词、关系副词连接所形成的句子。例如:
She said that the President went to the hospital yesterday.
这句话由两个简单句组成,其中一个是 she said …
,另一个是 the President went to the hospital yesterday
,其中 that
引导了第二个句子,整体作为前面这个句子的宾语,即宾语从句。
宾语 / 表语从句
- 主语 + 及物动词 / 系动词 + that / whether / if / how … + 完整句
- 主语 + 及物动词 / 系动词 + what / who / whom … + 非完整句
主语从句
- That / Whether / How + 完整句 + 谓语动词 + …
- What / Who + 非完整句 + 谓语动词 + …
- It(形式主语)+ 谓语动词 + … + that + 完整句
同位语从句
- 名词性成分 + that + 完整句
定语从句
关系代词(其指代对象就是先行词)引导:
- which / that / who / whom / as …+ 非完整句
- whose …+ 完整句
- 介词 + 关系代词(非 that / as)… + 完整句
定语从句省略关系代词 who / whom / which / that 的情况:
The man (who) you like is going to school.
由关系副词引导:
- when / where / why … + 完整句
状语从句
状语从句通常会出现在主句的前面或后面,有时插入主句中间也会被两个逗号隔开,因此相对来说比较好拆分。其形式也很简单:
- 连词 + 完整句
倒装句
Here comes the rain again = The rain comes here again.
现在完成式(Present Perfect Tense)
Just | Yet | Still | Already | |
---|---|---|---|---|
意思 | 刚刚、刚好、刚才 | 还未完成 | 原本预计内应该要完成,但还未完成 | 已经完成,比预期内提早完成 |
位置 | 放在助动词 Have 与动词之间 | 句末 | 句中 | 放在助动词 Have 与动词之间 |
语气 | – | 中立 | 批判 | – |
否定型 | – | ✓ | ✓ | – |
例句 | I have just handed in my homework. (我刚刚递交了功课。) | I have not yet handed in my homework. (我还未递交功课。) (暗藏意味:尚未完成某些事,也不知道什么时候会完成,时间点比较模糊) | I still have not handed in my homework. (我仍然未递交功课。) (暗藏意味:期限已经过了,但是我还是没有交功课。) | I have already handed in my homework. (我已经递交了功课。) (暗藏意味:我在限期前交了功课。) |
不定式
表结果
- I hurried to the railway station to find my train is gone.
✔️ 我匆忙地赶到火车站(结果)却发现我的车已经出发了。
❌ 我匆忙地赶到火车站,是为了发现我的车已经走了(目的)。 - 🌰 A Pittsburgh-area woman with car trouble popped the hood of her vehicle to find squirrels had hidden more than 200 walnuts in the car's body.
- 🌰 He survived to see the end of the war.
虚拟语气
英语分 3 种语气:
-
陈述语气:陈述事实、提出看法或问题等。所说的是真的。
I like this book the best.
If you get up earlier, you will be able to catch the first bus. -
祈使语气:表示请求、命令或警告等。希望所说的成真。
Don’t be so careless. -
虚拟语气:表示假想或主观愿望。所说的与事实不符。
I suggest that we should go tomorrow.
If you dropped the glass, it would break.
How to 虚拟语气:
- 以动词的过去式作为表达「非事实」的手段。
- 过去式并不是过去时。虚拟语气中的过去式只是一个表示虚拟语气的形式,而不是表示过去的时态的形式。
虚拟现在
- 条件从句的谓语:用过去式(be 用 were)
- 主句谓语:should / would / could / might + 动词原形
e.g. (example given)
- If I were you, I would not tell him the truth.
- If we left now, we should arrive in good time.
虚拟过去
因为时间本来就是过去,若还要用过去形态来表达非事实语气,就必须用过去完成的形态。
- 条件从句的谓语:had+ 过去分词
- 主句谓语:should / would / could / might + have+ 过去分词
e.g.
- If you had got up earlier, you would have caught the first bus.
- If he had been in that train then, he might have been killed in that accident.
虚拟将来
- 条件从句的谓语:用过去式(be 用 were)
- 主句谓语:should / would / could / might + 动词原形
e.g.
- If he went, would you go too.
- If I asked him, I'm sure he'd help us.
- 可能性特别低:should
If I should win the lottery, I would buy you a car. - 不可能发生:were to
If I were to lie to her, I would lose her.
倒装结构
If I were a boy, I might be very handsome. = Were I a boy, I might be very handsome.
be 动词因虚拟语气变为过去式时只会变为 were,而永远不会变成 was。
混合时态会有一个明显的时间标识,例如 now:
If I had finished my work earlier, I could have dinner now.
If you'd listened to me, you wouldn't be in such trouble now.
混合语气
I could have caught that bus, only that I forgot to get any money out.
特殊结构
- She was the only person to survive the air crash.